Hartsfield-Bixler-Demyer syndrome

Hartsfield syndrome comprises two core features: holoprosencephaly (HPE) spectrum disorders and ectrodactyly spectrum disorders. HPE spectrum disorders, resulting from failed or incomplete forebrain division early in gestation, include alobar, semilobar, or lobar HPE. Other brain malformations observed in persons with Hartsfield syndrome include corpus callosum agenesis, absent septum pellucidum, absent olfactory bulbs and tracts, and vermian hypoplasia. Varying degrees of developmental delay are observed. Microcephaly, spasticity, seizures, and feeding difficulties are common. Hypothalamic dysfunction (manifest as temperature dysregulation and erratic sleep patterns) can occur, as well as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and central insipidus diabetes. Ectrodactyly spectrum disorders are unilateral or bilateral malformations of the hands and/or feet characterized by a median cleft of hand or foot due to absence of the longitudinal central rays (also called split hand/foot malformation). The number of digits on the right and left can vary. Polydactyly and syndactyly can also be seen.

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